Rate of confirmed AIDS in prison 2.5 times the rate in the U.S. general population
On December 31, 2008, a reported 20,606 state prisoners and 1,538 federal prisoners were HIV positive or had confirmed AIDS, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, announced.
At yearend 2008, an estimated 5,672 inmates in state and federal prisons had confirmed AIDS, down from 5,762 in 2007. In 2007, about 43 per 10,000 prison inmates were estimated to have confirmed AIDS, compared to 17 per 10,000 persons in the general population.
At yearend 2008, the reported number of state and federal inmates who were HIV positive or had confirmed AIDS totaled 22,144. Among states reporting data in both 2007 and 2008, there was an increase of 145 inmates with HIV/AIDS. Of the state and federal inmates who were HIV positive or had confirmed AIDS, a reported 20,231 were men and 1,913 were women. Between 2007 and 2008, the percentage of male inmates with HIV/AIDS remained stable at 1.5 percent, while the percentage of female inmates with HIV/AIDS decreased slightly from 2.1 percent to 1.9 percent.
Florida (3,626), New York (3,500) and Texas (2,450) reported the largest number of HIV/AIDS cases. While these three states account for 24 percent of the total state custody population, together they account for 46 percent of HIV/AIDS cases in state prison. New York continues to report large decreases (down 450) in the number of HIV/AIDS cases. Notable increases between 2007 and 2008 were in California (up 246), Missouri (up 169) and Florida (up 166).
Between 1995 and 2006 the number of state inmates who died from AIDS-related causes decreased 85 percent from 1,010 to 155. Continuing the downward trend, 120 state inmates died from AIDS-related causes in 2007. Among federal inmates, 13 died from AIDS-related causes in 2008, up from 10 in 2007.
During 2008, a total of 24 states reported testing all inmates for HIV at admission or sometime during custody. Among these 24 states, 23 tested at admission, five tested while in custody, and six tested upon release. Fifty states and the federal system tested inmates if they had HIV-related symptoms or if they requested an HIV test. Forty-two states and the federal system tested inmates after they were involved in an incident in which an inmate was exposed to a possible HIV transmission, and 18 states and the federal system tested inmates who belonged to specific high-risk groups.
The report, HIV in Prisons, 2007-08 (NCJ 228307), was written by BJS statistician Laura M. Maruschak and intern Randy Beavers. Following publication, the report can be found at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/hivp08.htm.
Source: Office of Justice Programs – U.S. Department of Justice
World Trade Center responders plagued with asthma
Reported Asthma in 9/11 Responders 2X Greater Than General Population
Responders to the 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks, who were exposed to caustic dust and toxic pollutants following the 9/11 disaster, suffer from asthma at a rate more than twice that of the general US population, according to new research presented at CHEST 2009, the 75th annual international scientific assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP).
As many as 8 percent of the workers and volunteers who engaged in rescue and recovery, essential service restoration, and cleanup efforts in the wake of 9/11 reported experiencing post-9/11 asthma attacks or episodes, compared with 4 percent of the general population. Furthermore, the lifetime prevalence of asthma in WTC responders was marked by a dramatic increase from 3 percent pre-9/11 to a high of 16 percent in each of the years from 2005 through 2007.
“Although previous WTC studies have shown significant respiratory problems, this is the first study to directly quantify the magnitude of asthma among WTC responders compared with the general US population,” said Hyun Kim, ScD, Instructor of Preventive Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM), New York, NY, and lead author of the analysis which uses data obtained from the federally-funded World Trade Center Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program. “Six years out from 9/11, the World Trade Center Program was still observing responders affected by asthma episodes and attacks at more than double the percentage of people not exposed to World Trade Center dust.”
WTC Study Details
In the multi-center clinical study, researchers from the MSSM-coordinated WTC Program reported on health-related findings of 20,843 WTC responders who received an initial medical screening examination during the program’s first 5-1/2 years of existence, from July 2002 through December 2007. Asthma outcomes assessed were the following: (1) prevalence of asthma episodes/attacks reported by responders to have occurred during the previous 12 months, and (2) lifetime asthma prevalence, as measured by participants reporting having ever been told by a physician that they had asthma. Results were compared with the US National Health Survey Interviews (NHIS) adult sample data for the year 2000 (pre-9/11) and years 2002 through 2007.
WTC Study Results
In the general population, the prevalence of asthma episodes and/or attacks in the previous 12 months remained relatively constant at slightly less than 4 percent throughout the period from 2000 to 2007. In contrast, among WTC responders, while fewer than 1 percent recalled asthma episodes or attacks during the year 2000, that percentage increased to 8 percent, and then remained constant, through the period from 2005 to 2007. WTC responders were 2.3 times more likely to report asthma episodes/attacks that had occurred during the previous 12 months when compared with the general population of the United States. Additionally, the increase in lifetime prevalence of asthma among responders undergoing their initial program screening any time during the study period grew from a reported 3 percent for (pre-9/11) diagnoses to 13 percent in 2002. The lifetime prevalence of asthma subsequently rose through the years to plateau at 16 percent from 2005 through 2007.
“It is important to note that this report focused on findings from baseline or initial visit examinations,” said Philip J. Landrigan, MD, MSc, Ethel H. Wise Professor and Chair of MSSM’s Department of Preventive Medicine, and principal investigator of the WTC Program Data and Coordination Center. “Where the data shows an increasing percentage of responders reporting asthmatic episodes, rising to double that seen in the general population, it is clearly vital that we continue to track responders’ health and look further into the medical outcomes of this population.”
Of the study’s rescue and recovery workers, 86 percent were men; 59 percent were Caucasian; and the average duration of work at WTC sites was 80 days. The study followed uniformed and other law enforcement and protective service workers (42 percent), as well as construction workers and other responders who had engaged in paid and volunteer WTC-related rescue and recovery, essential service restoration, and/or debris removal and cleanup efforts.
“Asthma and other chronic lung conditions remain a significant burden for rescue and recovery workers responding to the attacks on the World Trade Center,” said Kalpalatha Guntupalli, MD, FCCP, President of the American College of Chest Physicians. “The significant chronic health problems associated with the World Trade Center attacks only reinforces the need for stronger disaster preparedness plans, as well as long-term medical follow-up for 9/11 responders and individuals who respond to disaster-related events.”
Source: American College of Chest Physicians
Three in Every One Thousand U.S. Children Diagnosed With Tourette Syndrome
The first-ever national estimate among a nationally representative sample of U.S. children revealed that 3 out of every 1,000 children between the age of 6 and 17 in the United States have been diagnosed with Tourette Syndrome (TS), according to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
The study, “Prevalence of Diagnosed Tourette Syndrome in Children in the United States, 2007,” found that a TS diagnosis is three times more common in boys than in girls, and approximately twice as common in children between 12-17 years as those aged 6-12 years. Among children with TS, 27% were reported as having moderate or severe TS and 79% of children had also been diagnosed with at least one additional mental health or neurodevelopmental condition.
Tourette Syndrome is a neurological disorder that typically begins during early childhood, with symptoms being most severe between the ages of 10 and 12 years. TS is characterized by recurring multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic. Tics are involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped, usually sudden and rapid movements or vocalizations that may be suppressed for short periods of time.
“TS and tic disorders have been linked to higher rates of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and impairments associated with these conditions, such as learning disabilities and problems with peer relations,” said Dr. Rebecca Bitsko, Health Scientist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Given the high number of children diagnosed with TS who have another mental health or neurodevelopmental condition, it is necessary to further study the relation between these conditions.”
Further, the data showed that non-Hispanic white children were more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic black children or Hispanic children to have a parent-reported TS diagnosis.
“Having an estimate of the number of U.S. children who are diagnosed with TS is a first step toward understanding the overall impact of this condition in the population,” said Dr. Bitsko. “Further research must examine differences in access to health care for children with TS in different population groups, the impact of TS on the quality of life, long term outcomes for children with TS, and strategies for reducing the impact of conditions associated with TS.”
The study analyzed data from interviews with parents (or guardians) from 91,642 households from April 2007 through July 2008 collected through the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). The NSCH is the first large, national, population-based survey of U.S. children up to 18 years old that included questions on TS. This random-digit-dialed telephone survey is sponsored and directed by the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau and conducted by CDC through the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey program. Interviews were completed in 66.0% of identified households with children which represents a 46.7% response of all possible eligible households.
For more information about Tourette Syndrome and other birth defects please call toll free 1-800 CDC-INFO or visit http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/default.htm.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
First-Time National Poll Confirms Neuropathy Hits Millions in Their Prime
Data shows 82% of patients have neuropathy onset during their 30s-60s
A new national Neuropathy Association poll of peripheral neuropathy patients finds that the majority of respondents had their neurological disease begin during their prime adult years, with 82% experiencing neuropathy’s onset between the ages of 30-69. “Peripheral neuropathy does not discriminate: it affects all ages, all types of people,” observes Tina Tockarshewsky, president and CEO of The Neuropathy Association. “However, our survey shows neuropathy strikes most patients in the prime of their lives, when they are building their families, careers, and futures.”
“With the potential for millions of active adults to suffer from progressive chronic pain and possible disability, we are leaving the U.S. unprepared to face a major public health crisis if healthcare providers, the media and public policy officials continue to ignore the inadequacy of medical resources and research funding for neuropathy. Neuropathy is taking an immeasurable toll on Americans’ quality of life and generating extreme social and medical cost burdens,” adds Tockarshewsky.
For nearly 15 years, The Neuropathy Association has been an active national patient advocacy organization working to change misconceptions about this progressive, chronic neurological disease. May 11-15 marks the fifth annual National Neuropathy Week, an event launched by The Neuropathy Association to raise awareness about neuropathy and its warning signs.
Peripheral neuropathy, or “nerve damage,” impacts over 20 million Americans, making it one of the most common chronic diseases in the U.S. Neuropathy results from injury to the peripheral nerves, disrupting the body’s ability to communicate with its muscles, organs and tissues. Most Americans do not recognize neuropathy’s symptoms, which include weakness, numbness, tingling and pain, especially in the hands and feet. If experiencing these symptoms, patients need to consult with a neurologist. With early diagnosis, neuropathy can often be controlled and some types can be cured. If ignored, symptoms can intensify to loss of sensation, unremitting pain, or disability. Too often neuropathy is discovered only after causing irreversible nerve damage.
The Neuropathy Association’s national survey of 1,300 patients asked about the age when their neuropathy began, revealing:
- 3 percent had their illness start in their 20s;
- 27 percent had their illness start in their 30s-40s;
- 55 percent had their illness start in their 50s-60s; and
- 15 percent had their illness start in their 70s-80s.
Age of Neuropathy Onset
This survey was complemented by a second national survey which asked 1,000 patients to identify their specific type of neuropathy. While there are over 100 known types of peripheral neuropathy, 52% of the patients responded their neuropathy was “idiopathic,” meaning of no known cause. Other types noted were:
- 15 percent had diabetic neuropathy;
- 12 percent had an autoimmune-related neuropathy;
- 6 percent had a hereditary neuropathy;
- 4 percent had a chemotherapy-related neuropathy;
- 4 percent had a trauma-induced neuropathy; and
- 7 percent had a neuropathy related to other sources such as toxin-induced, nutritional deficiencies, gastro-intestinal disorders, metabolic diseases, or infectious diseases such as HIV or Lyme.
Type of Neuropathy
“Neuropathy is often misrepresented as only being diabetes-related. However, this survey demonstrates that for every diabetic neuropathy patient, there are about six patients suffering with various neuropathies, including some for which there is no known cause and, consequently, no known treatment. Right now, we see great hope in our research community: we are on the verge of real progress in many areas. However, neither funding nor public attention is being directed towards getting these researchers across the finish line,” notes Dr. Thomas H. Brannagan, III, medical advisor for The Neuropathy Association.
“The neuropathy patient community has only three FDA-approved treatments for three types of neuropathy, faces increasing Medicare reimbursement restrictions, and receives inadequate levels of federal research funding. With millions suffering, this is an unacceptable public health state of affairs,” Tockarshewsky emphasizes. “Supporting neuropathy research would bring better treatment options and cures to millions of neuropathy patients. Doing so would also help a range of other patients, including those with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and cancer. Americans must demand cures for neuropathy.”
Source: The Neuropathy Association
Schools Receive Grants to Help Kids be Active, Eat Healthy
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan supports physical activity and nutrition programs for students and their parents
More than 16,600 Michigan children and their local communities will get an opportunity to participate in walking, climbing and other physical activities and to learn to eat healthily, through a partnership with Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan.
They’ll join youngsters like those at Detroit’s Maybury Elementary School who now have more options to stay fit.
“The rock climbing wall installed last year gives students in all grade levels the opportunity to succeed at challenges, develop balance, upper body strength and problem solving as they travel along the wall,” said Linda Almeranti, a physical education teacher at Maybury Elementary, a recipient of a BCBSM grant.
Thirty-six schools throughout Michigan will share in a $333,400 grant with awards ranging from $1,000 to $15,000. Physical activity and nutrition programs vary from installing new playground equipment to hands-on organic gardening programs. Grant applications were offered to schools statewide based on certain criteria such as student participation rates in free and reduced lunch programs along with a population historically at risk for obesity.
“Even though our students have 20 minutes of recess time each day and are encouraged to engage in physical activity, they seldom do because our playground equipment is outdated and there’s simply not enough equipment for all students to use. With the funds secured from this Blue Cross grant, and a matching funds grant from GameTime Playground, we’re going to purchase new equipment and structures that will increase students’ physical activity,” said Scott Hutchins, principal, Bennett Elementary School in Jackson.
Since 2004, the Blues have provided nearly $1 million in funding to address childhood obesity among more than 113,000 school children throughout the state as part of our Building Healthy Communities grants.
“Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan has a mission that is unique among health insurance companies, and these grants are examples of how we help create stronger, healthier Michigan communities through partnerships with schools and others,” said Lynda Rossi, Blues vice president of Public Policy and Social Mission. “The grants promote physical fitness and nutrition to help children prevent serious health conditions down the road.”
As part of its unique social mission, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan is committed to focusing on reducing health care costs and improving quality, increasing access to health care coverage and services, and improving the health status of Michigan’s residents, particularly children.
The schools receiving grants are:
- Adrian – Michener Elementary School. Construct an outdoor fitness course for use by the school and local community. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Battle Creek – Doris Klaussen Developmental Center. Purchase fitness books and software designed for special needs students; supply pedometers for walking program; offer healthy food choices. Grant amount: $12,620.
- Detroit – Carstens Elementary School. Continue the Stop Everything and Start Exercising Now -SEASEN- program. Grant amount: $13,110.
- Detroit – Clara W. Rutherford Academy. Continue the “5-2-0-1″ program emphasizing fun physical activities and healthy lifestyles. Grant amount: $12,202.
- Detroit – Detroit Edison Public School Academy. Introduce a swimming program through collaboration with the Boll YMCA. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Detroit – Fleming Academy. Provide nutritional counseling, stage a health screening fair, issue pedometers for a stepping challenge and sponsor a field day. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Detroit – Greenfield Union Elementary and Middle School. Establish a healthy food co-op and erect a hoop house greenhouse. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Detroit – Isaac Crary Elementary School. Implement nutrition programs and involve families to participate in physical activity through new and enhanced playground equipment. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Detroit – Katherine B. White Elementary School. Add a dance program and complete the Healthy School Action Tool. Grant amount: $2,000.
- Detroit – Mark Twain School and Academy. Renovate a barren playground to include a track, basketball and tennis courts; add a climbing wall to the indoor gym. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Detroit – Maybury Elementary School. Purchase sports equipment, support physical activities during the day, and offer a healthy eating and cooking class to parents and students. Grant amount: $13,400.
- Detroit – Parker Elementary and Middle School. Develop an outdoor fitness track and supply pedometers to students; dietitians will provide programs on healthy eating habits. Grant amount: $11,000.
- Grand Rapids – C.A. Frost Environmental Science Academy. Install interactive playground and fitness equipment made from recycled plastic. Grant amount: $14,290.
- Grand Rapids – Central High School. Teach students how to shop for and create healthy meals; offer more physical activity programs and implement the Grand Rapids YMCA Healthy U program. Grant amount: $14,325.
- Grand Rapids – Creston High School. Open the gym facilities before and after school to students and the community. Increase academic opportunities which encourage health promotion and disease prevention. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Grand Rapids – Kent Education Center High School. Complete a YMCA fitness assessment and supply pedometers to start walking. Grant amount: $1,790.
- Grand Rapids – Sherwood Park Global Studies Academy. Implement a smart eating program, add a salad bar for middle school lunch program, provide healthy snacks and purchase pedometers for a walking club. Grant amount: $2,200.
- Ionia – Douglas A. Welch Community Center. Provide pedometers and heart monitor for a fitness program, add a climbing wall, soccer goal and indoor equipment. Grant amount: $7,620.
- Jackson – Bennett Elementary School. Install new playground equipment. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Lansing – Mid-Michigan Leadership Academy. Update playground and gym equipment and promote nutritious eating habits. Grant amount: $10,000.
- Mt. Clemens – M. L. King, Jr. Academy. Construct a fitness trail with activity stations available to the local area. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Saginaw – Francis Reh Academy. Students will create a healthy community awareness campaign focusing on how nutrition affects chronic diseases and how to engage in fun physical activities to improve health. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Taylor – Blair Moody Elementary School. Construct a playground play pad and a hoop house for hands-on organic gardening and farming. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Traverse City – Traverse Heights Elementary School. Improve fitness equipment, conduct after school physical fitness activities, implement healthy food options by cooking from scratch in the kitchen, and provide healthy snacks to students. Grant amount: $15,000.
- Waterford – Sandburg Elementary School. Increase fruit and vegetable consumption through a weekly free, fresh fruit program, cooking demonstrations and nutrition education for students and their parents. Grant amount: $13,840.
- Whittemore – Whittemore Prescott High School. Add a healthy food station in the cafeteria. Grant amount: $15,000.
BCBSM is also helping schools develop Healthy School Action Tools which are designed to help Michigan schools create healthier environments. The HSAT process offers schools a method to assess their environment and focus on one or more specific topics.
These schools are receiving $1,000 to complete their HSAT assessment:
- Detroit – O.W. Holmes Elementary School
- Grand Rapids – Aberdeen Elementary School
- Grand Rapids – Alger Middle School
- Grand Rapids – Ottawa Hills High School
- Ionia – Emerson Elementary School
- Jackson – Cascade Elementary School
- Jackson – Frost Elementary School
- Jackson – Hunt Elementary School
- Jackson – Northeast Elementary School
- Taylor – Myers Elementary School
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, a nonprofit organization, provides and administers health benefits to 4.7 million members residing in Michigan in addition to members of Michigan-headquartered groups who reside outside the state. The company offers a broad variety of plans including: Traditional Blue Cross Blue Shield; Blue Preferred, Community Blue and Healthy Blue Incentives PPOs; Blue Care Network HMO; BCN Healthy Blue Living; Flexible Blue plans compatible with health savings accounts; Medicare Advantage; Part D Prescription Drug plans, and MyBlue products in the under-age-65 individual market. BCBSM also offers dental, vision and hearing plans. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and Blue Care Network are nonprofit corporations and independent licensees of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association. For more company information, visit bcbsm.com.